Size- and Time-Dependent Particle Removal Efficiency of Face Masks and Improvised Respiratory Protection Equipment Used during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Size- and time-dependent particle removal efficiency (PRE) of different protective respiratory masks were determined using a standard aerosol powder with the size of particles in the range of an uncoated SARS-CoV-2 virus and small respiratory droplets. Number concentration of particles was measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer. Respiratory protective half-masks, surgical masks, and cotton washable masks were tested. The results show high filtration efficiency of FFP2, FFP3, and certified surgical masks for all sizes of tested particles, while protection efficiency of washable masks depends on their constituent fabrics. Measurements showed decreasing PRE of all masks over time due to transmission of nanoparticles through the mask-face interface. On the other hand, the PRE of the fabric is governed by deposition of the aerosols, consequently increasing the PRE.

Automated summary

The efficiency of different protective respiratory masks in removing particles of various sizes was tested, showing high filtration efficiency for FFP2, FFP3, and certified surgical masks. However, the protection efficiency of washable masks depends on their constituent fabrics. The particle removal efficiency of masks decreases over time due to transmission of nanoparticles, while the fabric's efficiency increases due to aerosol deposition.