Detection of pathogenic bacteria using nanobiosensors

Microbial pathogens are one of the leading causes of death in both rural and urban settings. In particular, inaccurate diagnosis leads to improper disease management. In general, the detection of pathogens relies upon their visibility and appearance using culture-based and microscopic examinations. These methods are often time-consuming and limited to laboratory-based set-up, therefore not suitable for field situations. Here, we review rapid, specific and sensitive methods for pathogen detections. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTi-PCR) detect specific segments of pathogen genome in lesser time. But such methods require different steps and temperature profiles, and skilled personnel, thus limiting field operation. Identification of nucleic acids in clinics is limited due to complex matrices and poor availability of target nucleic acids. Nonetheless, time and step numbers can be minimised using isothermal-based amplification, which has replaced conventional amplification to some extent. Nanosensors are miniaturised devices which have been developed by integrating various components. Nanosensors include biological probes, signal transducers and enhancers. Nanosensors are suitable for field situations.