期刊
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
卷 376, 期 1821, 页码 -出版社
ROYAL SOC
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0762
关键词
evolution; synapse; nervous system; neurotransmitters; Metazoa; volume transmission
类别
资金
- Human Frontiers Science Program [RGP0060/2017]
- National Science Foundation [1146575, 1557923, 1548121, 1645219, NIHR01NS114491]
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems [1645219] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1557923, 1548121] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Transmitter signalling is the universal chemical language of the nervous system, with origins possibly in secretory cells capable of volume chemical transmission and behavior integration. Different neurotransmitters may have been recruited relatively early or late in animal evolution.
Transmitter signalling is the universal chemical language of any nervous system, but little is known about its early evolution. Here, we summarize data about the distribution and functions of neurotransmitter systems in basal metazoans as well as outline hypotheses of their origins. We explore the scenario that neurons arose from genetically different populations of secretory cells capable of volume chemical transmission and integration of behaviours without canonical synapses. The closest representation of this primordial organization is currently found in Placozoa, disk-like animals with the simplest known cell composition but complex behaviours. We propose that injury-related signalling was the evolutionary predecessor for integrative functions of early transmitters such as nitric oxide, ATP, protons, glutamate and small peptides. By contrast, acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, octopamine, serotonin and histamine were recruited as canonical neurotransmitters relatively later in animal evolution, only in bilaterians. Ligand-gated ion channels often preceded the establishment of novel neurotransmitter systems. Moreover, lineage-specific diversification of neurotransmitter receptors occurred in parallel within Cnidaria and several bilaterian lineages, including acoels. In summary, ancestral diversification of secretory signal molecules provides unique chemical microenvironments for behaviour-driven innovations that pave the way to complex brain functions and elementary cognition. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'.
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