Development of Spirulina sea-weed raw extract/polyamidoamine hydrogel system as novel platform in photodynamic therapy: Photostability and photoactivity of chlorophyll a

The aim of this paper is to present and characterize Polyamidoamine-based hydrogels (PAA) as scaffolds to host photoactive Chlorophyll a (Chl a) from Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) sea-weed Extract (SE), for potential applications in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). The pigment extracted from SE was blended inside PAA without further purification, according to Green Chemistry principles. A comprehensive investigation of this hybrid platform, PAA/SE-based, was thus performed in our laboratory and, by means of Visible absorption and emission spectroscopies, the Chl a features, stability and photoactivity were studied. The obtained results evidenced the presence of two main Chl a forms, monomeric and dimeric, interacting with hydrogel polyamidoamines network. To better understand the nature of this interaction, the spectroscopic investigation of this system was performed both before and after the solidification of the hydrogel, that occurred at least in 24 h. Then, focusing the attention on solid scaffold, the (1)Chl a* fluorescence lifetime and FTIR-ATR analyses of PAA/SE were carried out, confirming the findings. The swelling and Point Zero Charge (PZC) measurements of solid PAA and PAA/SE were additionally performed to investigate the hydrogel behavior in water. Chl a molecules blended in PAA were (photo) stable and photoactive, and this latter feature was demonstrated showing that the pigment induced, when swelled in water and under irradiation, the formation of singlet oxygen (O-1(2)), measured by direct and indirect methods.

Automated summary

This study presents and characterizes Polyamidoamine-based hydrogels as scaffolds for hosting photoactive Chlorophyll a from Spirulina seaweed extract, for potential applications in Photodynamic Therapy. The results demonstrate the stability and photoactivity of Chl a molecules blended in PAA, showing their ability to induce the formation of singlet oxygen under irradiation in water.