Seabird diet analysis suggests sudden shift in the pelagic communities of the subtropical Northeast Atlantic

The dynamics of the subtropical pelagic ecosystems of the Northeast Atlantic are still poorly known due to the high costs associated with sampling large oceanic areas. Top predators can be used as alternative low-cost samplers and indicators of the temporal variability of such systems. To study the variation in the composition of pelagic species through time in the broad Canary current region, we analysed foraging trips and regurgitations of Cory?s shearwaters Calonectris borealis nesting on Selvagens islands, in 2008?2011 and 2016?2018. Fisheries data, oceanographic variables and the North Atlantic Oscillation were explored as possible explanatory variables for trends in behaviour and diet. Cory?s shearwaters? diet, complemented by fisheries data, revealed marked changes in the composition of the pelagic fish communities. In 2016 there was a peak in the abundance of the Atlantic chub mackerel Scomber colias, followed by an explosive increase in the abundance of the Longspine snipefish Macroramphosus scolopax in 2017 and 2018, as deduced from the diet composition of the Cory?s shearwater, and supported by fisheries data, in the broad oceanic area surrounding the Selvagens islands. Oceanographic variables did not show fluctuations correlated with these marked shifts in pelagic fish avail-ability, the causes of which remain largely unknown. This study highlights the importance of the Atlantic chub mackerel and of the Longspine snipefish in the Madeira/Canary region and exemplifies the efficiency of avian predators in revealing rapid changes in pelagic communities of oceanic domains. Such trends and variations need to be better monitored and understood to measure the impact of ongoing global changes and to sustainably manage the marine environment and resources.

Automated summary

This study focused on the dynamics of subtropical pelagic ecosystems in the Northeast Atlantic, using Cory's shearwaters as indicators of temporal variability. Through analysis of foraging trips and regurgitations of the seabirds nesting in the Selvagens islands, researchers found marked changes in the composition of pelagic fish communities, with peaks in abundance observed for certain species in 2016 and 2017-2018. The study also explored potential explanatory variables such as fisheries data, oceanographic variables, and the North Atlantic Oscillation, but the causes of these marked shifts in pelagic fish availability remain largely unknown.