Mechanisms of severe acute intermittent hypoxia-induced phrenic long-term facilitation

Moderate acute intermittent hypoxia (mAIH; 35-55 mmHg Pa-O2) elicits phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF) by a mechanism that requires activation of G(q) protein-coupled serotonin type 2 receptors, MEK/ERK MAP kinase, and NADPH oxidase activity and is constrained by cAMP-PKA signaling. In contrast, severe AIH (sAIH; 25-35 mmHg Pa-O2) elicits G(s) protein-coupled adenosine type 2 A receptor-dependent pLTF. Another G(s) protein-coupled receptor, serotonin 7 receptors, elicits phrenic motor facilitation (pMF) by a mechanism that requires exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP (EPAC) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) activation and is constrained by NADPH oxidase activity. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the same downstream signaling mechanisms giving rise to serotonin 7 (vs. serotonin 2) receptor-induced pMF underlie sAIH-induced pLTF. In anesthetized rats, sAIH-induced pLTF was compared after pretreatment with intrathecal (C4) injections of inhibitors for: 1) EPAC (ESI-05); 2) MEK/ERK (UO126); 3) PKA (KT-5720); 4) PI3K/Akt (PI828); and 5) NADPH oxidase (apocynin). In partial agreement with our hypothesis, sAIH-induced pLTF was abolished by ESI-05 and PI828 and marginally enhanced by apocynin but, surprisingly, was abolished by UO126 and attenuated by KT-5720. Mechanisms of sAIH-induced pLTF reflect elements of both G(q) and G(s) pathways to pMF, likely as a consequence of the complex, cross-talk interactions between them. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Distinct mechanisms give rise to pLTF induced by moderate and severe AIH. We demonstrate that, unlike moderate AIH, severe AIH-induced pLTF requires EPAC and PI3K/Akt and is marginally constrained by NADPH oxidase activity. Surprisingly, sAIH-induced pLTF requires MEK/ERK activity similar to moderate AIH-induced pLTF and is reduced by PKA inhibition. We suggest sAIH-induced pLTF arises from complex interactions between dominant mechanisms characteristic of moderate versus severe AIH-induced pLTF.

Automated summary

Distinct mechanisms are involved in the phrenic long-term facilitation induced by moderate and severe acute intermittent hypoxia. Severe AIH-induced pLTF requires EPAC and PI3K/Akt, with marginal constraint by NADPH oxidase activity, while surprisingly it also involves MEK/ERK activity similar to moderate AIH-induced pLTF and is reduced by PKA inhibition. The complex interactions between dominant mechanisms characteristic of moderate and severe AIH-induced pLTF contribute to the overall understanding of respiratory plasticity.