IL-38 prevents induction of trained immunity by inhibition of mTOR signaling

Trained immunity is the acquisition of a hyperresponsive phenotype by innate immune cells (such as monocytes and macrophages) after an infection or vaccination, a de facto nonspecific memory dependent on epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of these cells. We have recently shown that induction of trained immunity is dependent on IL-1 beta. Here, we show that recombinant IL-38, an anti-inflammatory cytokine of the IL-1-family, was able to induce long-term inhibitory changes and reduce the induction of trained immunity by beta-glucan in vivo in C57BL/6 mice and ex vivo in their bone marrow cells. IL-38 blocked mTOR signaling and prevented the epigenetic and metabolic changes induced by beta-glucan. In healthy subjects, the IL1F10 associated single nucleotide polymorphism rs58965312 correlated with higher plasma IL-38 concentrations and reduced induction of trained immunity by beta-glucan ex vivo. These results indicate that IL-38 induces long-term anti-inflammatory changes and also inhibits the induction of trained immunity. Recombinant IL-38 could therefore potentially be used as a therapeutic intervention for diseases characterized by exacerbated trained immunity.

Automated summary

Trained immunity is the acquisition of a hyperresponsive phenotype by innate immune cells after an infection or vaccination, and IL-38, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, has been shown to induce long-term inhibitory changes and reduce the induction of trained immunity in mice and their bone marrow cells. Studies have also shown that IL-38 could potentially be used as a therapeutic intervention for diseases characterized by exacerbated trained immunity.