Bioguided identification of pentacyclic triterpenoids as anti-inflammatory bioactive constituents of Ocimum gratissimum extract

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ocimum gratissimum is a plant spice widely used in African traditional medicine to treat pain-related conditions. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms underlying this activity and the main active ingredients in O. gratissimum have not yet been fully characterized. Aim of the study: To isolate and identify the main anti-inflammatory active constituents of Ocimum gratissimum extract and their underlying mechanisms in murine macrophages. Material and methods: Chromatographic techniques and spectroscopic data were used for compounds isolation and identification. Inflammatory conditions were produced in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by the application of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The WST-1 assay was used to evaluate the cell viability, and the nitric oxide production was quantified by the Griess reagent method. The fluorometric cyclooxygenase (COX) activity assay kit was used to assess the activity of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. The levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 cytokines and the apoptosis-inducing effect were measured by flow cytometer using the cytometric Bead Array (CBA) Human Th1/Th2 Cytokine Kit II and FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection kit, respectively. Results: The results showed that the extract and fractions of Ocimum gratissimum inhibit nitric oxide production and the proliferation of Raw 264.7 macrophage cells. The bioguided fractionation led to the identification of pentacyclic triterpenes as anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds. Pomolic and tormentic acids being the most active, inhibiting the secretion of IFN-gamma cytokine, COX enzyme, and inducing apoptosis in activated Raw 264.7 macrophage cells. Conclusions: This study revealed that pomolic and tormentic acids are the main active principles responsible at least in part for the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract of Ocimum gratissimum. Besides of providing more evidence for the traditional use of Ocimum gratissimum against inflammatory disorders, this study reveals the multitarget potential of pomolic and tormentic acids as promising future drugs against inflammatory diseases.

Automated summary

This study identified pentacyclic triterpenes, specifically pomolic and tormentic acids, as the main active compounds responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of Ocimum gratissimum extract. These compounds showed potential in inhibiting nitric oxide production, IFN-gamma cytokine secretion, COX enzyme activity, and inducing apoptosis in activated macrophages. The findings provide evidence for the traditional use of Ocimum gratissimum in treating inflammatory disorders and suggest the multitarget potential of pomolic and tormentic acids as future drugs for inflammatory diseases.