Effect of cool roofs on commercial buildings energy use in cold climates

We used DOE-2.1E to simulate energy consumption for several prototype office and retail buildings in four cold-climate cities in North America: Anchorage, Milwaukee, Montreal, and Toronto. To simulate the effect of snow on the roof, we defined a function calculating the daily U-value and absorptivity of the roof. Cool roofs for the simulated buildings resulted in annual energy expenditure savings in all cold climates. In Anchorage, the simulated annual heating energy consumptions of the old retail building with a dark versus a cool roof (without snow) are 123.5 and 125.8 GJ/100 m(2), respectively (a 2.3 GJ/100 m(2) penalty for the cool roof). With snow, the heating penalties decreased to 1.2 GJ/100 m(2), leading to an annual energy savings of 7$/100 m(2) of roof area. For an old retail building in Montreal and Toronto, a cool roof can save up to 62 $/100,m(2) and 37$/100 m(2), respectively. For a new, medium-sized office building with natural gas heating fuel, a cool roof would save 4 $/100 m(2) in Montreal, 14 $/100 m(2) in Milwaukee and Anchorage, and 10 $/100 m(2) in Toronto. Cool roofs can reduce the peak electric demand of the retail buildings up to 1.9 and 5.4 W/m(2) in Toronto and Montreal, respectively. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.