期刊
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
卷 280, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111655
关键词
Toilet retrofitting; Fecal sludge; Rural sanitation; System dynamics; Toilet revolution
资金
- National Key Research and Development Plan [2017YFC0403401, 2018YFC1903206]
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation [OPP1161151, OPP1157726]
- Jiaozhou Urban-Rural Construction Bureau, National Environmental and Energy Science and Technology International Cooperation Base, China Scholarship Council
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation [OPP1157726, OPP1161151] Funding Source: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Rural toilet retrofitting is a complex and dynamic system affected by various factors and feedback relationships between stakeholders. The motivation of farmers to engage in retrofitting is a key variable, while important factors related to feedback among stakeholders include policies, subsidies, technology, satisfaction, and cooperation. A scientific analysis method and updated plan are proposed to promote the implementation of rural toilet retrofitting in developing countries.
Rural toilet retrofitting (RTR) is a complex, dynamic system that is affected by many factors and the positive/ negative feedback relationships between subsystems and variables. Traditional technologies and management methods face challenges in fundamentally describing and solving problems in RTR. To bridge this gap, this study utilizes system dynamics and causal loop diagrams to explain such problems based on data collected from the stakeholders of the RTR in Jiaozhou from 2018 to 2019. Specifically, this study examines the RTR system from the perspectives of household users, wastewater treatment plants, local governments, grassroots promoters, operation and maintenance personnel, toilet supplier and construction teams, and fecal sludge end users. The factors and processes involved in RTR are identified, and the feedback and relationships among its major stakeholders are established. Results show that the motivation of farmers to engage in RTR is a key variable that affects their final decisions regarding retrofitting and maintaining toilet functions. Meanwhile, the important variables related to the feedback and relationships among the major stakeholders of RTR are mostly focused on policies, subsidies, technology, satisfaction, and cooperation. A scientific analysis method and the updated RTR plan for toilet revolution are then formulated to promote the implementation of RTR in developing countries.
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