ZnO-assisted synthesis of lignin-based ultra-fine microporous carbon nanofibers for supercapacitors

Reducing the material size could be an effective approach to enhance the electrochemical performance of porous carbons for supercapacitors. In this work, ultra-fine porous carbon nanofibers are prepared by electrospinning using lignin/polyvinylpyrrolidone as carbon precursor and zinc nitrate hexahydrate (ZNH) as an additive, followed by pre-oxidation, carbonization, and pickling processes. Assisted by the ZnO template, the pyrolytic product of ZNH, abundant micropores are yielded, leading to the formation of microporous carbon nanofibers with specific surface area (SSA) up to 1363 m(2) g(-1). The average diameter of the lignin-based ultra-fine porous carbon nanofibers (LUPCFs) is effectively controlled from 209 to 83 nm through adjusting the ZNH content. With good flexibility and self-standing nature, the LUPCFs could be directly cut into electrodes for use in supercapacitors. High accessible surface, enriched surface N/O groups, and reduced fiber diameters endow the LUPCFs-based electrodes with an excellent specific capacitance of 289 F g(-1). The reduction of fiber diameters remarkably improves the rate performance of the LUPCFs and leads to a low relaxation time constant of 0.37 s. The high specific capacitance of 162 F g(-1) is maintained when the current density is increased from 0.1 to 20 A g(-1). Besides, the fabricated LUPCFs show exceptional cycling stability in symmetrical supercapacitors, manifesting a promising application prospect in the next generation of supercapacitors. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

Reducing material size to enhance electrochemical performance of porous carbons for supercapacitors was achieved in this study. Ultra-fine porous carbon nanofibers with high specific surface area and excellent specific capacitance were prepared by electrospinning and controlled fiber diameter. The fabricated electrodes showed outstanding rate performance and cycling stability, making them promising for next generation supercapacitors.