期刊
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
卷 9, 期 11, 页码 3531-3543出版社
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c6ee02027e
关键词
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资金
- National Science Foundation (NSF)
- Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) [1355438]
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
- Energy Innovation Hub - U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences
- NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program [DGE 1256260]
- University of Kentucky
- Division of Chemistry [CHE-1300653]
Non-aqueous redox flow batteries (NAqRFBs) employing redox-active organic molecules show promise to meet requirements for grid energy storage. Here, we combine the rational design of organic molecules with flow cell engineering to boost NAqRFB performance. We synthesize two highly soluble phenothiazine derivatives, N-(2-methoxyethyl) phenothiazine (MEPT) and N-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl] phenothiazine (MEEPT), via a one-step synthesis from inexpensive precursors. Synthesis and isolation of the radicalcation salts permit UV-vis decay studies that illustrate the high stability of these open-shell species. Cyclic voltammetry and bulk electrolysis experiments reveal the promising electrochemical properties of MEPT and MEEPT under dilute conditions. A high performance non-aqueous flow cell, employing interdigitated flow fields and carbon paper electrodes, is engineered and demonstrated; polarization and impedance studies quantify the cell's low area-specific resistance (3.2-3.3 Omega cm(2)). We combine the most soluble derivative, MEEPT, and its tetrafluoroborate radical-cation salt in the flow cell for symmetric cycling, evincing a current density of 100 mA cm(-2) with undetectable capacity fade over 100 cycles. This coincident high current density and capacity retention is unprecedented in NAqRFB literature.
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