Diversity, community composition, and bioactivity of cultivable fungal endophytes in saline and dry soils in deserts

Fungal endophyte communities are poorly investigated in extreme habitats such as deserts. We used cultivation and Sanger sequencing to investigate the effects of environmental variables on the endophytic fungal communities of eight Iranian desert plants. Host species was the main factor shaping the endophyte composition, while soil type additionally affected endophytes of aboveand below-ground organs. Redundancy analysis showed that soil pH and electric conductivity determine fungal endophyte communities in plants in dry and saline soils. In a follow-up experiment, we showed that these endophytes could be used in crop production under salinity/drought stress and as biocontrol agents. Although compared to other ecosystems, the endophytic fungi associated with the studied Iranian desert plants are of low diversity, our results suggest that they probably play an essential role in the survival of their hosts. Further investigation is necessary to evaluate the potential benefits and applicability of such endophytes in agricultural practices in drylands. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd and British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

Soil pH and electric conductivity were found to determine the fungal endophyte communities in plants in dry and saline soils in the desert. Host species was identified as the main factor shaping the endophyte composition, with soil type additionally affecting endophytes of both above- and below-ground organs. Our study suggests the potential use of these endophytes in crop production under salinity/drought stress and as biocontrol agents.