LJ529 attenuates mast cell-related inflammation via A3R-PKCε-ALDH2 pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats

Background and purpose: Mast cells (MCs) has been recognized as an effector of inflammation or a trigger of inflammatory factors during stroke. LJ529 was reported to attenuate inflammation through a Gi protein-coupled Adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) after ischemia. Here, we aim to study the protective effect and its mechanism of LJ529 in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) rat model for mast cell-related inflammation. Methods: 155 Sprague-Dawley adult male rats were used in experiments. Endovascular perforation was used for SAH model. Intraperitoneal LJ529 was performed 1 h after SAH. Neurological scores were measured 24 h after SAH. Rotarod and morris water maze tests were evaluated for 21 days after SAH. Mast cell degranulation was assessed with Toluidine blue staining and Chymase/Typtase protein expressions. Mast cell-related inflammation was evaluated using IL-6, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 protein expressions. MRS1523, inhibitor of GPR18 and epsilon-V1-2, inhibitor of PKC epsilon were respectively given intraperitoneally (i.p.) 1 h and 30 min before SAH for mechanism studies. Pathway related proteins were investigated with western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Results: Expression of A3R, PKC epsilon increased after SAH. LJ529 treatment attenuated mast cell degranulation and inflammation. Meanwhile, both short-term and long-term neurological functions were improved after LJ529 treatment. Administration of LJ529 resulted in increased expressions of A3R, PKC epsilon, ALDH2 proteins and decreased expressions of Chymase, Typtase, IL-6, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 proteins. MRS1523 abolished the treatment effects of LJ529 on neurobehavior and protein levels. epsilon-V1-2 also reversed the outcomes of LJ529 administration through reduction in protein expressions downstream of PKC epsilon. Conclusions: LJ529 attenuated mast cell-related inflammation through inhibiting degranulation via A3R-PKC epsilon ALDH2 pathway after SAH. LJ529 may serve as a potential treatment strategy to relieve post-SAH brain injury.

Automated summary

The study demonstrated that LJ529 attenuated mast cell-related inflammation in a SAH rat model by modulating the A3R-PKC epsilon-ALDH2 pathway, improving both short-term and long-term neurological functions. Treatment with LJ529 resulted in alleviation of mast cell degranulation and inflammation.