期刊
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY
卷 899, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173998
关键词
Antidepressant; Estrogens; Testosterone; Adverse effects; Sexual dysfunction; Hormones
资金
- Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) [HFRI-FM17-1676]
Research has shown that sex hormones play a critical role in sex differences, impacting the efficacy and side effects of antidepressants. Most studies demonstrate an interaction between sex hormones and antidepressants in sexual function, behavior, and alleviating depressive symptoms. However, the majority of research focuses on male subjects, highlighting the need for further investigation into the effects of antidepressants on hormone levels in both males and females.
Various antidepressants are commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders, and sex differences have been identified in their efficacy and side effects. Steroids, such as estrogens and testosterone, both in the periphery and locally in the brain, are regarded as important modulators of these sex differences. This review presents published data from preclinical and clinical studies that measure testosterone and estrogen level changes during and/or after acute or chronic administration of different antidepressants. The majority of studies show an interaction between sex hormones and antidepressants on sexual function and behavior, or in depressive symptom alleviation. However, most of the studies omit to investigate antidepressants' effects on circulating levels of gonadal hormones. From data reviewed herein, it is evident that most antidepressants can influence testosterone and estrogen levels. Still, the evidence is conflicting with some studies showing an increase, others decrease or no effect. Most studies are conducted in male animals or humans, underscoring the importance of considering sex as an important variable in such investigations, especially as depression and anxiety disorders are more common in women than men. Therefore, research is needed to elucidate the extent to which antidepressants can influence both peripheral and brain levels of testosterone and estrogens, in males and females, and whether this impacts the effectiveness or side effects of antidepressants.
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