期刊
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
卷 273, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116402
关键词
Hydraulic fracturing; Flowback water; Produced water; Beneficial reuse; Irrigation; Uptake
资金
- Global Food Initiative
- Environmental Defense Fund
- Colorado State University Water Center
- AFRI from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture [2021-6701933726]
The study found that certain hydraulic fracturing additives from FPW can be absorbed by wheat, affecting plant growth and yield. However, in real-world scenarios, uptake may be reduced due to natural degradation, treatment, and dilution of water. Despite this, due to existing data gaps, chemical-specific treatments and regulatory safeguards are still recommended.
Oilfield flowback and produced water (FPW) is a waste stream that may offer an alternative source of water for multiple beneficial uses. One practice gaining interest in several semi-arid states is the reuse of FPW for agricultural irrigation. However, it is unknown if the reuse of FPW on edible crops could increase health risks from ingestion of exposed food, or impact crop growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using wheat (Triticum aestivum) to investigate the uptake potential of select hydraulic fracturing additives known to be associated with health risks. The selected chemicals included acrylamide, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), diethanolamine, and tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC). Mature wheat grain was extracted and analyzed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-QQQ) to quantify chemical uptake. Plant development observations were also documented to evaluate impacts of the chemicals on crop yield. Analytical results indicated that TMAC and diethanolamine had significantly higher uptake into both wheat grain and stems than control plants which were not exposed to the four chemicals under investigation. Acrylamide was measured in statistically higher concentrations in the stems only, while DDAC was not detected in grain or stems. Growth impacts included lodging in treated wheat plants due to increased stem height and grain weight, potentially resulting from increased nitrogen application. While analytical results show that uptake of select hydraulic fracturing chemicals in wheat grain and stems is measurable, reuse of FPW for irrigation in real world scenarios would likely result in less uptake because water would be subject to natural degradation, and often treatment and dilution practices. Nonetheless, based on the outstanding data gaps associated with this research topic, chemical specific treatment and regulatory safeguards are still recommended. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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