Use of machine-learning and receptor models for prediction and source apportionment of heavy metals in coastal reclaimed soils

Quantitative estimations of sources and spatial distribution of soil heavy metals (HMs) is essential for strategizing policies for soil protection and remediation. As a special soil ecosystem, the intensified human activities on coastal reclaimed lands generally causes soil contamination with HMs. This study aimed to apportion sources of HMs and predict their spatial distributions on coastal reclaimed lands. A total of 241 surface (0-20 cm) soil and sediment samples were collected from a reclamation zone following intensive agricultural use of eastern China. The concentrations of soil and sediment As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Hg were measured along with organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, pH, Cl, clay, silt, sand, CaO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, and SiO2. The potential sources of HMs were identified and apportioned using random forest (RF) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models. According to the models, natural and a portion of anthropogenic sources, agricultural activities, and human emission from solar power generation and vehicle exhaust contributed 42.9%, 28.9%, and 28.2% of the total HMs, respectively. Separately, 65.0% of As, 36.6% of Cr, 49.1% of Cu, 46.4% of Ni, 39.5% of Pb, and 44.0% of Zn were originated from natural and some anthropogenic sources. Agricultural activities contributed 54.9% of Cd and 46.4% of Hg to the reclaimed soils. Emissions from solar power generation and vehicle exhaust had significant influences on Cr and Pb, with contributions of 39.0% and 28.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the RF model yielded satisfying results in predicting HM distributions based on the measurement of soil variables. When only considering independent variables, the RF model revealed slightly lower but still satisfactory abilities in HMs prediction. In reclaimed soils, the temporal increase and close relationship between soil Cd and phosphorus signified the potential threats of Cd contamination in coastal reclaimed soils. Therefore, the applications of Cdrich phosphoric fertilizers should be considered with high concern.

Automated summary

Quantitative estimations of soil heavy metal sources and spatial distribution are crucial for policy-making. The study identified natural and anthropogenic sources, agricultural activities, and human emissions as major contributors to heavy metals in reclaimed coastal lands. Additionally, a close relationship between soil Cd and phosphorus in reclaimed soils signifies potential risks of Cd contamination.