Recent Progress in Small Molecular Inhibitors of DNA Gyrase

Background: In the past few decades, with the abuse of antibiotics, bacterial resistance has enhanced constantly. More and more super species of bacteria, which are seriously threatening human health, have been discovered. Developing novel antibacterial agents to overcome the drug-resistance is an urgent duty. We all know that blocking the information-transfer of bacterial DNA and RNA is one of the effective ways to inhibit bacterial growth. Therefore, as the indispensable enzyme for DNA replication and transcription, DNA gyrase is one of the important targets for bacterial inhibitors. Accordingly, many inhibitors of DNA gyrase have also been developed. Methods: In this review, to highlight the recent progress in DNA gyrase inhibitors, the study in this field over the past three years (2017-2019) was summarized and organized based on their backbones or core moieties. Both of the subunits of DNA gyrase were taken into consideration. Results: These DNA gyrase inhibitors have been classified based on their backbones or core moieties. After the comparison of the divided 14 categories, we could achieve some clues for future modification. In particular, we found that benzodiazepines and naphthalene heterocycles were the most common structures in the drug design. On the other hand, isopropyl and cyclopropyl have also been used in drug design, which provides more inspiration for the investigations. Except for GSK2140944, which has entered the phase III clinical trial stage, other compounds here were not fully promulgated with their optimal pharmacokinetic activity. Conclusion: We briefly summed up the current situation and future challenges on this topic. Through the discussion of the design strategies and drug effect, we hope that this review can provide a focused direction for future researches.

Automated summary

In the past few decades, bacterial resistance has increased due to antibiotic abuse, leading to the discovery of super species of bacteria that threaten human health. Developing novel antibacterial agents to combat drug resistance is urgent. DNA gyrase, an essential enzyme for DNA replication and transcription, is a key target for bacterial inhibitors, with many inhibitors developed in recent years.