4.8 Article

Evolution of water conservation in humans

期刊

CURRENT BIOLOGY
卷 31, 期 8, 页码 1804-+

出版社

CELL PRESS
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.045

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资金

  1. Universitas Nasional Jakarta
  2. Indonesian State Ministry for Research and Technology (RISTEK)
  3. Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI)
  4. Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHKA), Ministry of Internal Affairs
  5. Nature Conservation Agency Palangkaraya (BKSDA)
  6. local government in Central Kalimantan
  7. Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOSF Indonesia)
  8. Tanzanian Council on Science and Technology (COSTECH)
  9. National Institutes of Medical Research (NIMR)
  10. US National Science Foundation [BCS0643122, BCS1317170, BCS1440867, BCS1440841, BCS1440671]
  11. USAID [APS49711000001]
  12. National Institutes of Health [R01DK080763]
  13. John Templeton Foundation
  14. L.S.B. Leakey Foundation
  15. Wenner-Gren Foundation [8670]
  16. University of Arizona
  17. Duke University
  18. Hunter College

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The study compares water turnover in zoo and sanctuary apes with five human populations, showing that despite humans' greater sweating capacity, their water turnover is 30-50% lower than in apes.
A SUMMARY To sustain life, humans and other terrestrial animals must maintain a tight balance of water gain and water loss each day.(1-3) However, the evolution of human water balance physiology is poorly understood due to the absence of comparative measures from other hominoids. While humans drink daily to maintain water balance, rainforest-living great apes typically obtain adequate water from their food and can go days or weeks without drinking(4-6). Here, we compare isotope-depletion measures of water turnover (L/d) in zoo-and rainforest sanctuary-housed apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans) with 5 diverse human populations, including a hunter-gatherer community in a semi-arid savannah. Across the entire sample, water turnover was strongly related to total energy expenditure (TEE, kcal/d), physical activity, climate (ambient temperature and humidity), and fat free mass. In analyses controlling for those factors, water turnover was 30% to 50% lower in humans than in other apes despite humans' greater sweating capacity. Water turnover in zoo and sanctuary apes was similar to estimated turnover in wild populations, as was the ratio of water intake to dietary energy intake (similar to 2.8 mL/kcal). However, zoo and sanctuary apes ingested a greater ratio of water to dry matter of food, which might contribute to digestive problems in captivity. Compared to apes, humans appear to target a lower ratio of water/energy intake (similar to 1.5 mL/kcal). Water stress due to changes in climate, diet, and behavior apparently led to previously unknown water conservation adaptations in hominin physiology.

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