Adaptive Predictive Control of a data center cooling unit

As server densities increase to support the rising demand for high density computing, traditional room cooling infrastructure is struggling to keep up. Rack-mounted cooling units are increasingly being deployed in data centers. These cooling units are located closer to the heat sources (the servers) which allow them to cool more efficiently than traditional cooling infrastructure. In this work, a Multi-Input Single-Output (MISO) Adaptive Predictive Controller (APC) for rack-mounted cooling units is investigated and implemented using a low-cost general-purpose microcontroller. The proposed APC is implemented using Weighted Recursive Least Squares (WRLS) and a sub-optimal but fast algorithm based on the General Predictive Controller (GPC) approach. These are combined with a variable forgetting factor and variable prediction horizon algorithms. In addition, methods are proposed to handle stability issues arising due to practical hardware limitations. The controller is implemented on a real single rack system and challenges for practical implementation are addressed and illustrated. The proposed APC is also compared (via simulation) to a standard APC with equivalent complexity and a split-range PI controller. The results show that the proposed controller outperforms both the standard APC and the split-range PI controllers with respect to Mean Squared Error (MSE).

Automated summary

As server densities increase, traditional room cooling infrastructure struggles to keep up with demand, leading to the deployment of rack-mounted cooling units in data centers. This study implements a Multi-Input Single-Output Adaptive Predictive Controller using a low-cost microcontroller, which outperforms standard controllers in simulations.