Non-coding RNA derived from extracellular vesicles in cancer immune escape: Biological functions and potential clinical applications

The tumor microenvironment represents a dynamically composed matrix into which cancer cells and many other cell types are embedded to form organ-like structures. The tumor immune micmenvironment (TIME), composed of immune cells, is an inseparable part of the tumor microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in the occurrence and development of tumors by delivering various biologically active molecules between cells; their role in cancer immune escape in particular has been widely proven. EVs can carry a wide array of cargo, such as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, which are selectively loaded by EVs, secreted, and transported to participate in the proliferation of immune cells. Hence, strategies to specifically target EV-ncRNAs could be attractive therapeutic options. In this review, we summarize the current research on the role of EV-ncRNAs in cancer immune escape, and discuss the latest research on the function and regulation mechanism of EV-ncRNAs in cancer immune escape, highlighting and elucidating the potential clinical applications of EV-ncRNAs, including in diagnosis and immunotherapy.

Automated summary

The tumor microenvironment is a complex matrix containing cancer cells and other cell types that form organ-like structures. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in cancer progression by delivering biologically active molecules, particularly in cancer immune escape. Current research focuses on targeting EV-ncRNAs for potential therapeutic options.