An investigation of depression, anxiety, and stress and its relating factors during COVID-19 pandemic in Iran

BackgroundThe COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging epidemic caused by the new Coronavirus. It has affected more than 200 countries, infected 5,939,234 people, and killed 367,255 in the world until 1 June 2020. While the disease epidemic could affect population mental health, this study aimed to investigate stress, anxiety, and depression during the Corona pandemic in Iran.MethodsAn online survey was designed using the depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) questionnaire. The questionnaire was available for all Iranian population from 18 to 28 April 2020. Finally, 1498 participants filled the questionnaire using snowball sampling. Data were analyzed using multivariate regression models.ResultsFindings showed that most participants had experienced a normal level of stress (36.6%), anxiety (57.9%) and depression (47.9%). About 2.5% of respondents report an extremely severe level of stress. This amount of anxiety and depression was 6.3 and 7.9%, respectively. Regression model showed being female (CI: -1.299; -0.248), living with a high risk family member (CI: 0.325; 1.400), health status (CI: -0.857; -0.595), economic status (CI: -0.396; -0.141), social capital (CI: -0.475; -0.244), risk of disease (CI: 0.081; 0.729), and following COVID-19 news (CI: 0.111; 0.551) have a relation with stress level. Education level (CI: -0.252; -0.017), living with a high risk family member (CI: 0.0301; 1.160), health status (CI: -0.682; -0.471), social capital (CI: -0.236; -0.048), risk of disease (CI: 0.154; 0.674), and following COVID-19 news (CI: 0.046; 0.401) have a relation with anxiety score. Depression score was in relation with education level (CI: -0.263; -0.022), having a high-risk family member (CI: 0.292; 1.155), health status (CI: -0.687; -0.476), social capital (CI: -0.235; -0.048), risk of disease (CI: 0.144; 0.667), and following Covid-19 news (CI: 0.053; 0.408).ConclusionsMost of the factors related to depression, anxiety, and stress are related to COVID-19, such as having a vulnerable person in the family, risk of disease, and following COVID-19 news. The findings suggest the factors that should be taken into consideration for improving population mental health during pandemics.

Automated summary

During the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, most participants experienced normal levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Factors such as being female, health status, economic status, social capital, and following COVID-19 news were found to be related to mental health outcomes.