Babao Dan improves neurocognitive function by inhibiting inflammation in clinical minimal hepatic encephalopathy

Background and purpose: Inflammation has been considered a precipitating event that contributes to neumcognitive dysfunction in minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). Inhibition TLR-4 related inflammation can effectively improve neurocognitive dysfunction of MHE. Our previous study showed that Babao Dan (BBD) effectively inhibited inflammation and ameliorated neurocognitive function in rats with acute hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and chronic HE. The mechanism may lie in the regulation of TLR4 signaling pathway. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the role of BBD in the treatment of MHE patients with cirrhosis and to elucidate the underlying mechanism by which BBD regulated TLR4 pathway to alleviate inflammation. Methods: A randomized controlled trial (n = 62) was conducted to evaluate the clinical efficacy between BBD plus lactulose (n = 31) and lactulose alone (n = 31) in MHE patients by testing neurocognitive function (NCT-A and DST), blood ammonia, liver function (ALT, AST and TBIL) and blood inflammation (IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha). Afterward, we detected NO, inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha) and the phosphorylation of P65, JNK, ERK as well as P38 in LPS-activated rat primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), peritoneal macrophages (PMs), and mouse primary BMDMs/PMs/microglia/astrocytes, to investigate the underlying mechanism of BBD inhibiting inflammation through TLR4 pathway. Also, the survival rate of mice, liver function (ALT, AST), blood inflammation (IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha) and histopathological changes in the liver, brain and lung were measured to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of BBD on neumcognitive function in endotoxin shock/endotoxemia mice. Results: BBD combined with lactulose significantly ameliorated neumcognitive function by decreasing NCT-A p < 0.001) and increasing DST (p < 0.001); inhibited systemic inflammation by decreasing IL-1 beta < 0.001), IL-6(p < 0.001) and TNF-alpha (p < 0.001); reduced ammonia level (p = 0.005), and improved liver function by decreasing ALT(p = 0.043), AST(p = 0.003) and TBIL = 0.026) in MHE patients. Furthermore, BBD inhibited gene and protein expression of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha as well as NO in rat primary BMDMs/PMs, and mouse primary BMDMs/PMs/microglia/astrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. BBD inhibited the activation of mouse primary BMDMs/PMs/microglia/astrocytes by regulating TLR4 pathway involving the phosphorylation of P65, JNK, ERK and P38. Also, BBD reduced the mortality of mice with endotoxin shock/endotoxemia; serum levels of ALT, AST, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha; gene expression of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the liver, brain and lung, and tissue damage in the liver and lung. Conclusion: Our study provided for the first time clinical and experimental evidence supporting the use of BBD in MHE, and revealed that BBD could play a crucial role in targeting and regulating TLR4 inflammatory pathway to improve neurocognitive function in MHE patients.

Automated summary

Our study demonstrates that the combination of BBD with lactulose significantly improves neurocognitive function, reduces inflammation, lowers ammonia levels, and enhances liver function in MHE patients. By targeting and regulating the TLR4 pathway, BBD inhibits inflammatory responses in macrophages and astrocytes. Additionally, experimental evidence shows that BBD has anti-inflammatory effects in endotoxin shock mice.