Pitch-angle distribution of accelerated electrons in 3D current sheets with magnetic islands

Aims. This research aims to explore variations of electron pitch-angle distributions (PADs) during spacecraft crossing of reconnecting current sheets (RCSs) with magnetic islands. Our results can benchmark the sampled characteristic features with realistic PADs derived from in situ observations.Methods. Particle motion is simulated in 2.5D Harris-type RCSs using the particle-in-cell method and considering the plasma feedback to electromagnetic fields induced by accelerated particles. We evaluate particle energy gains and PADs in different locations with virtual spacecraft passing the current sheet while moving in the different directions. The RCS parameters are comparable to heliosphere and solar wind conditions.Results. The energy gains and the PADs of particles would change depending on the specific topology of the magnetic fields. In addition, the observed PADs also depend on the crossing paths of the spacecraft. When the guiding field is weak, the bi-directional electron beams (strahls) are mainly present inside the islands and are located just above or below the X-nullpoints in the inflow regions. The magnetic field relaxation near the X-nullpoint alters the PADs towards 90 degrees. As the guiding field becomes larger, the regions with bi-directional strahls are compressed towards small areas in the exhausts of RCSs. Mono-directional strahls are quasi-parallel to the magnetic field lines near the X-nullpoint due to the dominant Fermi-type magnetic curvature-drift acceleration. Meanwhile, the high-energy electrons confined inside magnetic islands create PADs of around 90 degrees .Conclusions. Our results link the electron PADs to local magnetic structures and the directions of spacecraft crossings. This can help to explain a variety of the PAD features reported in recent observations in the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere.

Automated summary

This research explores variations of electron pitch-angle distributions during spacecraft crossing of reconnecting current sheets with magnetic islands. Results show that energy gains and PADs of particles depend on magnetic field topology, spacecraft crossing paths, and guiding field strength. The study helps explain a variety of PAD features observed in the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere.