A Simple Cu(II) Polyelectrolyte as a Method to Increase the Work Function of Electrodes and Form Effective p-Type Contacts in Perovskite Solar Cells

One effective strategy to improve the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is to develop new hole transport layers (HTLs). In this work, a simple polyelectrolyte HTL, copper (II) poly(styrene sulfonate) (Cu:PSS), which comprises easily reduced Cu2+ counter-ions with an anionic PSS polyelectrolyte backbone is investigated. Photoelectron spectroscopy reveals an increase in the work function of the anode and upward band bending effect upon incorporation of Cu:PSS in PSC devices. Cu:PSS shows a synergistic effect when mixed with polyethylenedioxythiophene: polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) in various proportions and results in a decrease in the acidity of PEDOT:PSS as well as reduced hysteresis in completed devices. Cu:PSS functions effectively as a HTL in PSCs, with device parameters comparable to PEDOT:PSS, while mixtures of Cu:PSS with PEDOT:PSS shows greatly improved performance compared to PEDOT:PSS alone. Optimized devices incorporating Cu:PSS/PEDOT:PSS mixtures show an improvement in efficiency from 14.35 to 19.44% using a simple CH3NH3PbI3 active layer in an inverted (P-I-N) geometry, which is one of the highest values yet reported for this type of device. It is expected that this type of HTL can be employed to create p-type contacts and improve performance in other types of semiconducting devices as well.

Automated summary

A novel hole transport layer Cu:PSS was investigated in this study for perovskite solar cells, showing comparable device parameters to PEDOT:PSS and greatly improved performance when mixed with PEDOT:PSS. Optimized devices incorporating Cu:PSS/PEDOT:PSS mixtures achieved efficiency improvement from 14.35% to 19.44%, one of the highest reported values for this type of device. This type of HTL is expected to be applicable for creating p-type contacts and enhancing performance in other types of semiconductor devices.