Formation process of holey graphene and its assembled binder-free film electrode with high volumetric capacitance

Holey graphene with abundant in-plane nanopores is achieved through a mild defect-etching reaction between graphene oxide (GO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) then followed by a reduction process in hydrazine solution. The porosity of the obtained holey graphene is systematically investigated by optimizing the reaction conditions between GO and H2O2. The optimum reaction conditions are that GO is hydrothermally treated in 0.4 mL H2O2 at 100 degrees C for 10 h and the as-prepared holey graphene oxide (HGO) is refluxed in hydrazine solution at 100 degrees C for 1 h, by which holey reduced graphene oxide (HRGO) suspension with good dispersity is obtained. By vacuum filtration of the HRGO suspension, the binder-free porous graphene film electrodes are successfully assembled. The obtained film electrodes exhibit high specific capacitance (251 F g (1) at a current density of 1 A g (1)), high volumetric capacitance (up to 216 F cm (3)), and enhanced rate capability (73% capacitance retention from 1-60 A g (1)) due to their high packing density (0.86 g cm (3)). The suitable porosity of the assembled porous graphene film keeps a balance between electrolyte ion diffusion rate and conductivity, which can bridge the gap between gravimetric capacitance and volumetric capacitance for the obtained electrode material. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.