Association of Police Transport With Survival Among Patients With Penetrating Trauma in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Importance Police in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, routinely transport patients with penetrating trauma to nearby trauma centers. During the past decade, this practice has gained increased acceptance, but outcomes resulting from police transport of these patients have not been recently evaluated. Objective To assess mortality among patients with penetrating trauma who are transported to trauma centers by police vs by emergency medical services (EMS). Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcomes Study registry and included 3313 adult patients with penetrating trauma from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2018. Outcomes were compared between patients transported by police (n = 1970) and patients transported by EMS (n = 1343) to adult level I and II trauma centers in Philadelphia. Exposures Police vs EMS transport. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was 24-hour mortality. Secondary end points included death at multiple other time points. After whole-cohort regression analysis, coarsened exact matching was used to control for confounding differences between groups. Matching criteria included patient age, injury mechanism and location, Injury Severity Score (ISS), presenting systolic blood pressure, and Glasgow Coma Scale score. Subgroup analysis was performed among patients with low, moderate, or high ISS. Results Of the 3313 patients (median age, 29 years [interquartile range, 23-40 years]) in the study, 3013 (90.9%) were men. During the course of the study, the number of police transports increased significantly (from 328 patients in 2014 to 489 patients in 2018; P = .04), while EMS transport remained unchanged (from 246 patients in 2014 to 281 patients in 2018; P = .44). On unadjusted analysis, compared with patients transported by EMS, patients transported by police were younger (median age, 27 years [interquartile range, 22-36 years] vs 32 years [interquartile range, 24-46 years]), more often injured by a firearm (1741 of 1970 [88.4%] vs 681 of 1343 [50.7%]), and had a higher median ISS (14 [interquartile range, 9-26] vs 10 [interquartile range, 5-17]). Patients transported by police had higher mortality at 24 hours than those transported by EMS (560 of 1970 [28.4%] vs 246 of 1343 [18.3%]; odds ratio, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.57-2.21; P < .001) and at all other time points. After coarsened exact matching (870 patients in each transport cohort), there was no difference in mortality at 24 hours (210 [24.1%] vs 212 [24.4%]; odds ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.59-1.52; P = .91) or at any other time point. On subgroup analysis, patients with severe injuries transported by police were less likely to be dead on arrival compared with matched patients transported by EMS (64 of 194 [33.0%] vs 79 of 194 [40.7%]; odds ratio, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.24-0.94; P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance For patients with penetrating trauma in an urban setting, 24-hour mortality was not different for those transported by police vs EMS to a trauma center. Timely transport to definitive trauma care should be emphasized over medical capability in the prehospital management of patients with penetrating trauma. This cohort study assesses mortality among patients with penetrating trauma who are transported to trauma centers by police vs emergency medical services in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Question Is police-based transport of patients with penetrating trauma associated with lower 24-hour mortality than emergency medical services (EMS)-based transport? Findings In this cohort study of 3313 patients with penetrating trauma, individuals with similar injury mechanism and severity had similar 24-hour mortality when transported by police compared with EMS. Patients with the most severe injuries were more likely to be alive on arrival to the hospital when transported by police. Meaning The results of this investigation suggest that police transport is safe and effective for patients with penetrating trauma, with equivalent mortality outcomes compared with traditional EMS transport.

Automated summary

This study evaluates mortality outcomes among patients with penetrating trauma transported to trauma centers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by police versus emergency medical services (EMS). The results indicate that police transport is safe and effective, with similar 24-hour mortality rates compared to EMS transport, especially for patients with severe injuries.