Semi-fluorinated sulfonated polyimide membranes with enhanced proton selectivity and stability for vanadium redox flow batteries

series of semi-fluorinated sulfonated polyimides (6F-SPIs) are designed and synthesized via a one-step high-temperature polycondensation reaction. The sulfonation degrees of 6F-SPIs are controlled through changing the ratio of sulfonated diamine to non-sulfonated diamine in the casting solution. The physicochemical properties and single cell performance of 6F-SPI membranes are thoroughly evaluated and compared to a non-fluorinated SPI membrane (6H-SPI-50) and a Nafion 115 membrane. The results show that the designed 6F-SPI membrane with a 50% sulfonation degree (6F-SPI-50) possesses the highest proton selectivity (1.613 x 10(5) S min cm(-3)) among all tested membranes. Besides, the 6F-SPI-50 membrane exhibits a promising performance for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs), showing higher coulombic efficiencies (96.90-99.20%) and energy efficiencies (88.25-64.80%) than the Nafion 115 membrane (with coulombic efficiencies of 90.60-96.70% and energy efficiencies of 81.04-60.10%) at the current densities ranging from 20 to 100 mA cm(-2). Moreover, the 6F-SPI-50 membrane shows excellent chemical stability in the VRFB system. This work paves the way for the development of a new class of 6F-SPI membranes for the VRFB application. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.