Biomethane as alternative fuel for the EU road sector: analysis of existing and planned infrastructure

Biogas upgrading to biomethane is a feasible option for greening the European energy sector, and specifically transport. Bio-CNG and bio-LNG fuels are considered a valid solutions for freight, and the European biomethane sector displays an interesting production potential, supported by a growing demand. A key asset for sector deployment is represented by an appropriate refuelling infrastructure. To promote alternative fuels in the EU, Member States have been adopting national policy frameworks (NPFs), setting targets for 2020-2030. This work aims to investigate how bottlenecks, such as infrastructure fragmentation, can hamper the diffusion of alternative fuels. The NPFs analysis reveals divergent countries' expectations for natural gas in transport, leading to a possible infrastructure fragmentation. Pushing biomethane to decarbonise transport requires a careful assessment: while it can potentially reduce GHG emissions, it can also trigger fugitive emissions, e.g. through gas transport and combustion, thus compromising the advantages. Additionally, current high costs can restrain a larger diffusion of this alternative fuel. This study highlights the need of a policy perspective aiming to target a synchronised deployment of CNG and LNG vehicles, related refuelling infrastructure and bio-CNG/LNG production. This is paramount to prevent the infrastructure from becoming a barrier to the development of biomethane, at least as in the short- to medium-term.

Automated summary

Upgrading biogas to biomethane is a feasible option for greening the European energy sector, particularly in transport. However, challenges such as infrastructure fragmentation and high costs may hinder the widespread diffusion of biomethane as an alternative fuel. Efforts are needed to carefully assess the impact of biomethane on greenhouse gas emissions and to ensure a synchronized deployment of vehicles, infrastructure, and production facilities to prevent barriers to its development.