Growth inhibition and oxidative stress induced by 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide on the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum

Marine diatom Skeletonema costatum is an important prey in the marine food web and is often used as a standard test organism in ecotoxicological studies. In this study, in vivo experiments were performed to analyze the effects of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C(8)mim]Br) on the growth, photosynthetic activity, and oxidative stress in S. costatum using 96 h growth tests with a batch-culture system. The growth of S. costatum was significantly inhibited by [C(8)mim]Br with 48 and 96 h-EC50 of 17.9 and 39.9 mg L-1, respectively. The maximum quantum yield (F-v/F-m) and the light use efficiency (alpha) were inhibited by [C(8)mim]Br, which affected the growth of S. costatum. Subsequent biochemical assays in S. costatum revealed that [C(8)mim]Br induced changes of CM a content, soluble protein content, and SOD activity, which had significant increases in low [C(8)mim]Br treatments (<= 20 mg L-1), but decreased in high [C(8)mim]Br exposures (>= 40 mg L-1). The increase of SOD activity at low concentrations (<= 20 mg L-1) may be considered as an active defense of S. costatum against [C(8)mim]Br stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) quenching. In addition, [C(8)mim]Br increased ROS level and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in S. costatum, suggesting that the physiological effects of [C(8)mim]Br are resulted from ROS generation. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.