Synchrotron micro-XRD applied for the characterization of pottery from the Neolithic to Chalcolithic transitional period: a case study from Tappeh Zaghe, Iran

The production of pottery represented a significant pyro-technological progress in the ancient world. Two types of characteristics pottery from the transitional period (Neolithic to Chalcolithic) found at the Tappeh Zaghe in northern Iran were analyzed in order to investigate newly formed phases produced during the firing stage of pottery. This might have been a sign of technological evaluation through transitional period. Petrographic analysis, coupled with multi-image analysis, X-ray powder diffraction and environmental scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-rays (ESEM-EDX) provided information on the compassion and microstructure of ceramic samples. Synchrotron micro-XRD beamline allowed the spatial mapping of crystalline phases from near surface (at the surface) into the matrix of potteries and the detection of minute, major and minor phases. The mineralogical interaction between various primary phases and decomposition regard carbonate reaction within the potteries fabrication in the as-received. New phases were followed across the wall thickness which were achieved by sintering (partial or total) and show a clear transition from outer side to the core of the pottery.

Automated summary

The study on pottery from Tappeh Zaghe in northern Iran revealed signs of newly formed phases during the firing stage, possibly indicating technological advancements during the transitional period. Analysis methods included petrographic analysis, multi-image analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, ESEM-EDX, and synchrotron micro-XRD beamline. The mineralogical interaction and sintering process were key factors in the formation of new phases across the pottery's wall thickness.