Optimized interferon-gamma release assays for detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer)

The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is an economically and ecologically important wildlife species in South Africa; it is also a primary wildlife maintenance host of Mycobacterium bovis. Accurate and early detection of M. bovis infection in buffaloes is important for controlling transmission. Assays that detect cell-mediated immune responses to M. bovis in buffaloes have been developed although these often display suboptimal sensitivity or specificity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the newly available Mabtech bovine interferongamma (IFN-gamma) ELISA(PRO) kit and optimize its use for detection of buffalo IFN-gamma in whole blood samples stimulated with the QuantiFERON (R) TB Gold Plus antigens. Additionally, the test performance of the Mabtech IFN-gamma release assay (IGRA) was compared to the currently used Cattletype (R) IGRA by determining buffalo-specific cutoff values for the two IGRAs and using gold standard-positive (M. bovis culture-confirmed) and M. bovis-unexposed negative cohorts. Validation of the Mabtech ELISA revealed negligible matrix interference and a linear and parallel response for recombinant bovine and native buffalo IFN-gamma in the range 1.95-250 pg/mL. Intra- and inter-assay reproducibility produced coefficients of variation <5.5 % and <6.1 %, respectively, with a limit of detection at 3.2 pg/mL. Using receiver operator characteristic curve analyses, buffalo-specific cut-off values were calculated as 8 pg/mL for the Mabtech IGRA and 5 % (signal to positive control ratio) for the Cattletype (R) IGRA. The sensitivities were 89 % and 83 % for the Mabtech and Cattletype IGRAs with specificities of 94 % and 97 %, respectively. Although the species-specific cut-off values require further evaluation in a relevant test group, the results suggest that the Mabtech IGRA is a promising, sensitive and specific diagnostic tool for M. bovis detection in African buffaloes.

Automated summary

The study evaluated the Mabtech ELISA kit for detecting buffalo IFN-γ, showing good sensitivity and specificity for early detection of Mycobacterium bovis. The Mabtech IGRA demonstrated a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 94%, indicating it as a promising diagnostic tool for M. bovis detection in African buffaloes.