Elevated environmental PM2.5 increases risk of schizophrenia relapse: Mediation of inflammatory cytokines

Background: Ecological epidemiology suggests that hospital admissions for schizophrenia are associated with an increased environmental PM2.5, but no prospective study has verified this result, and the physiological mechanism is not clear. Methods: We used a repeated-measures design to prospectively assess the association of environmental PM2.5 and the risk of relapse in schizophrenia, and used two linear mixed-effects models to explore possible mediating effects of immune cytokines on the premise of controlling confounders. Results: We import the data using EpiData software, and collate and analyze of the data using R software. The increase of PM2.5 at lag0 had the greatest impact on the relapse of schizophrenia (for each 10 mu g/m(3) increase in PM2.5, the relapse risk score increased by 1.504, that is to say, odds ratio (OR) = 4.500 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.849-7.106,P < 0.001)), and cumulative effects lasted for four days with the maximum at the second day (for each 10 mu g/m(3) increase in PM2.5, the relapse risk score increased by 1.301, OR = 3.673 (95%CI: 1.962-6.876,P < 0.001)). PM2.5 exposure was statistically related to four symptom dimensions of early signs scale (ESS), and the symptoms most affected by the increased PM2.5 were depression/withdrawal (ESSsingle bondN) (OR = 1.990, 95%CI: 1.701-2.328), anxiety/agitation (ESS-A) (OR = 1.537, 95%CI: 1.340-1.763), initial psychosis (ESS-IP) (OR = 1.398, 95%CI: 1.151-1.697), and disinhibition (ESS-D) (OR = 1.235, 95%CI: 1.133-1.347). Furthermore, there are three statistically significant pathways in intermediary analysis: of PM2.5 and relapse risk: PM2.5 -> IL-17 -> ESS, PM2.5 -> IL-17 -> ESS-A, and PM2.5 -> IL-17 -> ESS-N, and the intermediary ratio of IL-17 was 11.66%, 16.37% and 22.55%, respectively. Conclusions: Increased environmental PM2.5 is a risk factor for the relapse of schizophrenia. Early relapse identification and intervention based on clinical characteristics are of great significance for timely termination of relapse and slowing down of relapse. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

This study found a positive association between environmental PM2.5 and the risk of relapse in schizophrenia through a repeated-measures design, with the immune cytokine IL-17 potentially mediating this relationship. Increased PM2.5 had a significant impact on symptom dimensions of schizophrenia, particularly in terms of depression and anxiety.