Drop-in fuel production from biomass: Critical review on techno-economic feasibility and sustainability

This paper reviews the technological and economical feasibilities as well as sustainable assessment of approaches (thermochemical and biochemical) applied for sustainable drop-in fuel production from lignocellulosic sources. The challenges for each pathway to produce drop-in fuels are covered. Currently drop-in fuel production cost is approximately 2 times (similar to 5-6$/gallon) higher than fossil fuels (3$/gallon), especially with the use of 2nd generation feedstocks. The primary sources of cost with drop-in fuel production are feedstock cost (40-60% of the total production cost), syngas cleaning and conditioning to meet Fischer-Tropsch synthesis requirement (12-15% of the total production cost) and bio oil upgrading (14-18% of the total production cost) in the case of pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The most influential factors on the life cycle analysis (LCA) were biomass cultivation, harvesting, biomass pre-treatment, and transportation. Therefore, robust processes that can use local waste biomass are far more environmental and economically viable, especially as biofuel from second generation have a greater potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (50-100%) than first generation biofuels (50-90%) when land use changes are omitted in the LCA. The sustainability of biofuels is pre-dominantly dependant on the sustainability of the initial biomass, with 2nd generation feedstocks being more sustainable than 1st generation. Gasification-FTS is considered as the most promising technique for drop-in fuel production over pyrolysis and HTL due to its flexibility towards feedstock acceptance and the ability to produced high yields of liquid fuel together with other economically viable biofuels such as electricity and heat. Biochemical routes (i. e.fermentation) to drop-in fuels are still in their early development stages, and therefore require more studies and pilot-scale experiments in order to discover an economic and sustainable means of using these methods.

Automated summary

This paper reviews the technological and economical feasibilities of producing sustainable drop-in fuel from lignocellulosic sources, highlighting the challenges and cost breakdown. Second generation biofuels have a greater potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to first generation biofuels. Gasification-FTS is considered the most promising technique for drop-in fuel production.