期刊
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
卷 117, 期 48, 页码 30539-30546出版社
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008955117
关键词
bottleneck; fledging; parent-offspring conflict; postfledging; songbirds
资金
- Florida State Wildlife Grant program [F14AF00892 [T-35]]
- Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration from the Illinois Department of Natural Resources
- US Fish and Wildlife Service
- USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch Project [ILLU-875-963]
- NSF [DEB-0639429]
- Ohio Division of Wildlife
- Kirtland Bird Club Ohio Avian Project Initiative
- Pennsylvania Game Commission
- Arkansas Science and Technology Authority
- US Natural Resources Conservation Service through the Conservation Effects Assessment Project [68-7482-12-502]
- Sproul State Forest
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center
- Illinois Ornithological Society
- Association of Field Ornithologists
- Wilson Ornithological Society
- American Ornithological Society
- North American Bluebird Society
- Inland Bird Banding Association
Parent-offspring conflict has explained a variety of ecological phenomena across animal taxa, but its role in mediating when songbirds fledge remains controversial. Specifically, ecologists have long debated the influence of songbird parents on the age of fledging: Do parents manipulate offspring into fledging to optimize their own fitness or do offspring choose when to leave? To provide greater insight into parent-offspring conflict over fledging age in songbirds, we compared nesting and postfledging survival rates across 18 species from eight studies in the continental United States. For 12 species (67%), we found that fledging transitions offspring from comparatively safe nesting environments to more dangerous postfledging ones, resulting in a postfledging bottleneck. This raises an important question: as past research shows that offspring would benefit-improve postfledging survival-by staying in the nest longer: Why then do they fledge so early? Our findings suggest that parents manipulate offspring into fledging early for their own benefit, but at the cost of survival for each individual offspring, reflecting parent-offspring conflict. Early fledging incurred, on average, a 13.6% postfledging survival cost for each individual offspring, but parents benefitted through a 14.0% increase in the likelihood of raising at least one offspring to independence. These parental benefits were uneven across species-driven by an interaction between nest mortality risk and brood size-and predicted the age of fledging among species. Collectively, our results suggest that parent-offspring conflict and associated parental benefits explain variation in fledging age among songbird species and why postfledging bottlenecks occur.
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