Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture

Crop production is facing unprecedented challenges. Despite the fact that the food supply has significantly increased over the past half-century, similar to 8.9 and 14.3% people are still suffering from hunger and malnutrition, respectively. Agricultural environments are continuously threatened by a booming world population, a shortage of arable land, and rapid changes in climate. To ensure food and ecosystem security, there is a need to design future crops for sustainable agriculture development by maximizing net production and minimalizing undesirable effects on the environment. The future crops design projects, recently launched by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), aim to develop a roadmap for rapid design of customized future crops using cutting-edge technologies in the Breeding 4.0 era. In this perspective, we first introduce the background and missions of these projects. We then outline strategies to design future crops, such as improvement of current well-cultivated crops, de novo domestication of wild species and redomestication of current cultivated crops. We further discuss how these ambitious goals can be achieved by the recent development of new integrative omics tools, advanced genome-editing tools and synthetic biology approaches. Finally, we summarize related opportunities and challenges in these projects.

Automated summary

Crop production is facing unprecedented challenges due to booming world population, land scarcity, and climate change. Future crop design projects aim to ensure food and ecosystem security by using cutting-edge technologies to rapidly design customized crops, focusing on improving current well-cultivated crops and utilizing omics tools, genome editing, and synthetic biology approaches to achieve ambitious goals.