LEER: Layer-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

Acoustic signals are used for communication in underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) because radio signals attenuate heavily when propagating in water, while optical signals have large scattering in water. Data transmission in UWSNs faces great challenges due to the characteristics of underwater acoustic channels. Moreover, high energy consumption and long latency bring about increased challenges for the designs of routing protocols in UWSNs. In this paper, we propose a routing protocol called Layer-based Energy-Efficient Routing (LEER) protocol to address the route failure problem with greedy routing, as well as the long end-to-end delay and high energy consumption problems. In LEER, each node extracts the layer field information from hello packets received and updates its own layer to avoid the problem of routing a packet to a void area. All nodes with the LEER protocol forward packets to a sink node without the need for any location information. Simulation results show that the LEER protocol outperforms the depth-based routing (DBR) protocol in terms of the delivery rate and end-to-end delay.

Automated summary

This paper discusses the challenges of data transmission and routing protocol design in underwater sensor networks. By proposing the LEER protocol, the issues of route failure, long delay, and high energy consumption caused by greedy routing can be addressed. The LEER protocol improves the delivery rate and reduces the end-to-end delay by extracting and updating layer information to avoid routing packets to void areas.