Detecting Task Functional MRI Activation Using the Multiband Multiecho (MBME) Echo-Planar Imaging (EPI) Sequence

Background Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) has been widely applied to detect brain activations. Recent advances in multiband (MB) and multiecho (ME) techniques have greatly improved fMRI methods. MB imaging improves temporal and/or spatial resolution, while ME imaging has been shown to improve BOLD sensitivity. This study aimed to evaluate the novel MBME echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence utilizing MB and ME simultaneously to determine if the MBME outperform the MB single echo (MBSE) sequence for task fMRI. Purpose To compare the performance of MBME with MBSE in a task fMRI study. Study Type Prospective. Population A total of 29 healthy volunteers aged 20-46 years (9 male, 20 female). Field Strength/Sequence MBSE and MBME gradient-echo EPI sequences were applied at 3T. Additional T-1-weighted magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition with gradient echo (MPRAGE) was collected. Assessment A checkerboard visual task was presented during the functional MBSE and MBME scans. The MBME or MBSE signal was evaluated using the temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR). Task activation was evaluated using the z-score, volume, sensitivity, and specificity. Test-retest metrics of task activation were examined with the Dice coefficient (DC) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) on subjects with repeated scans. Statistical Tests A linear mixed-effects model was used to compared MBME and MBSE activation at the voxel base. The paired t-test was used to compare tSNR, activation z-score, and volume, along with sensitivity, specificity, and DC between MBSE and MBME. Results While similar task activation was detected in the visual cortex, MBME showed higher activation volume and higher sensitivity compared with MBSE (P < 0.05). ICC was higher for MBME than MBSE, while there was a trend of differences in DC (P = 0.08). Data Conclusion MBME resulted in higher task fMRI activation volume and sensitivity without losing specificity. Reliability was also higher for MBME scans compared with MBSE. Level of Evidence 1 Technical Efficacy Stage 1

Automated summary

This study compared the performance of MBME with MBSE in a task fMRI study. The results showed that MBME demonstrated higher activation volume and sensitivity compared to MBSE, with similar task activation detected in the visual cortex. ICC was higher for MBME than MBSE, with a trend of differences in DC.