Metabolomic analysis among ten traditional Arnica (Asteraceae) from Brazil

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Extracts of several Asteraceae species in Brazil are popularly used as antiinflammatory. Some of these species are popularly recognizes as arnica because of the morphological and sensorial analogy with the traditional European Arnica montana. These used species in Brazil were identified as Calea uniflora Less, Chaptalia nutans (L.) Polak, Lychnophora ericoides Mart. Lychnophora pinaster Mart. Lychnophora salicifolia Mart. Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass, Pseudobrickellia brasiliensis (Spreng.) R. M. King & H. Rob. Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski and Solidago chilensis Meyen. However, the comparative chemical profile of these so-called arnicas has never been reported in the literature. Aim of the study: This work aimed to compare the main plants recognized as arnica in Brazil by using metabolomic analysis, based on UPLC-ESI-QTof-MS2 data and multivariate statistical analysis. Materials and methods: The metabolites profiling of 10 arnica species were established by UPLC-ESI-QTof-MS2. Three tinctures of each species (dry leaves) were produced and one aliquot of each tincture was injected and analyzed three times by UPLC-ESI-QTof-MS2. Data were acquired both in negative and positive modes and processed by MassLynx (R), MarkerLynx (R) and Matlab (R) softwares. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce dimensionality and data redundancy; hierarchical trees helped to identify and eliminate contaminated or misplaced injections/samples. To achieve the objectives both hierarchical and k-means clustering techniques were employed to group similar samples or species. Results: Diagnostic analysis of MS data allowed the identification of 54 metabolites. The identification was supported with the use of an external standard, fragmentation pattern and data from the literature. The main classes of identified compounds included phenolic acids, coumarin, flavonoids, heterosides, terpenoids and nitrogen compounds. Cluster analysis revealed that Sphagneticola trilobata, Solidago chilensis and Lychnophora pinaster have some chemical features similar to those of Arnica montana. In contrast, the same statistical analysis also showed that Pseudobrickellia brasiliensis, Porophyllum ruderale and Chaptalia nutans are chemically diverse from Arnica montana. The variability of the samples relied principally on nitrogenated compounds (confidence level 4) found in P. brasiliensis and P. ruderale, three phenolic compounds (level 2) detected in P. brasiliensis and in C. nutans and triterpenes (level 3) found in L. salicifolia and L. pinaster. Conclusions: In summary, the mass spectrometry technique in conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis proved to be an excellent tool to identify correlated compounds, as well as to verify the chemical similarity among evaluated species. This methodology was successfully used to establish important correlations in medicinal preparations of so-called arnicas used in Brazil.

Automated summary

This study aimed to compare the main plants recognized as arnica in Brazil using metabolomic analysis. The research utilized UPLC-ESI-QTof-MS2 data and multivariate statistical analysis to identify chemical similarities and differences among these plants. The results showed that some species have similar chemical features to Arnica montana, while others are chemically diverse. The study concluded that mass spectrometry combined with multivariate statistical analysis is a valuable tool for identifying correlated compounds and verifying chemical similarity among different plant species.