Potential of constructed wetland treatment systems for agricultural wastewater reuse under the EU framework

One of the solutions for the problems regarding increasing water scarcity and pollution of water resources can be wastewater reuse. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a sustainable and cost-effective technology for wastewater treatment. If they are able to produce effluent of a needed quality, they can be a valuable addition for wastewater reuse schemes. This review studied 39 treatment systems based on CWs, and it assessed their characteristics and performance on pollutant removal. Moreover, their potential to reach the new European Union standards for agricultural wastewater reuse was evaluated. The results showed that the combination of CWs with additional technologies (e.g. UV treatment, anaerobic reactors) can further increase their performance and provide better removal efficiencies in comparison with conventional horizontal and vertical subsurface flow CWs. Particularly, hybrid systems showed a better removal of organic matter and bacterial indicators than single-stage CWs. For most of the systems considered, the concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids in treated effluent were below the limits for agricultural reuse. However, that was often not the case with Escherichia coli and therefore it is recommended to add a disinfection unit to the systems in order to achieve the levels required in the case of agricultural reuse.