A Theory of the Spring Persistence Barrier on ENSO. Part I: The Role of ENSO Period

In this paper, we investigate the role of the period of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the spring persistence barrier (SPB), mainly using the neutral recharge oscillator (NRO) model both analytically and numerically. It is suggested that a shorter ENSO period strengthens the SPB. Moreover, in contrast to the strict phase locking of the SPB in the Langevin equation, the phase of the SPB is no longer locked exactly to a particular time of the calendar year in the NRO model. Instead, the phases of the SPB for different initial months shift earlier with lag months of maximum persistence decline. In particular, the phase of the SPB will be shifted from the early summer to early spring, corresponding to the initial months of the early half year and later half year. This feature demonstrates that for the later half year, ENSO predictability decreases as the presence of ENSO period. For realistic parameters, the range of the phase change is modest, smaller than 2-3 months. A similar phase shift is also identified for the SPB in the damped ENSO regime, unstable ENSO regime, and observations. Our theory provides a null hypothesis for the role of ENSO period with regard to the SPB.

Automated summary

This paper investigates the impact of the period of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the spring persistence barrier (SPB) using the neutral recharge oscillator (NRO) model. The study suggests that a shorter ENSO period strengthens the SPB. In the NRO model, the phase of the SPB no longer locks exactly to a specific time of the calendar year, with phases shifting earlier for different initial months with lag months of maximum persistence decline.