期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
卷 21, 期 22, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228777
关键词
acetate; Escherichia coli; acetate metabolism; metabolic engineering; process engineering; acetate tolerance; acetate-derived chemicals; bioenergetic constraints
资金
- Austrian Airlines AG
- OMV Refining Marketing GmbH
- voestalpine Stahl GmbH
- Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) [874503]
Ecological concerns have recently led to the increasing trend to upgrade carbon contained in waste streams into valuable chemicals. One of these components is acetate. Its microbial upgrading is possible in various species, with Escherichia coli being the best-studied. Several chemicals derived from acetate have already been successfully produced in E. coli on a laboratory scale, including acetone, itaconic acid, mevalonate, and tyrosine. As acetate is a carbon source with a low energy content compared to glucose or glycerol, energy- and redox-balancing plays an important role in acetate-based growth and production. In addition to the energetic challenges, acetate has an inhibitory effect on microorganisms, reducing growth rates, and limiting product concentrations. Moreover, extensive metabolic engineering is necessary to obtain a broad range of acetate-based products. In this review, we illustrate some of the necessary energetic considerations to establish robust production processes by presenting calculations of maximum theoretical product and carbon yields. Moreover, different strategies to deal with energetic and metabolic challenges are presented. Finally, we summarize ways to alleviate acetate toxicity and give an overview of process engineering measures that enable sustainable acetate-based production of value-added chemicals.
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