Triassic granitoids in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, Northwestern China: magmatic source and implications for geodynamic evolution

Granitoids, an important part of the continental crust, are the direct and indelible evidence of the accretion and reworking process of the continental crust in different tectonic settings. Therefore, these early geodynamic mechanisms can be roughly reconstructed by analysing the geochemical characteristics of granitoids. In this study, the Permian-Triassic Granitoids widely distributed in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt (EKOB) are studied to determine their chronology and petrogenesis to restrict their source regions and establish the significance of their geodynamic and crustal growth. Zircon inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) dating results show that the crystallization ages of these granitoids are between 252-240 Ma, during the early and middle Triassic. These granitoids have high SiO2 and medium Na2O + K2O contents, plotting into the granite region, and calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline series on the SiO2-Na2O + K2O and SiO2-K2O diagrams, respectively. All the samples have aluminium saturation index (A/CNK) values from 1.00 to 1.25 showing peraluminous characteristics. In terms of trace and rare earth elements, the samples are depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs) such as Nb, Ta, P, and Ti and are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) such as Rb, K, Ba, and U. Moreover, all granitoids show right-inclined rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns with weak to moderate Eu anomalies (delta Eu = 0.50-0.93). In addition, the samples have low P2O5 contents, 10,000*Ga/Al ratios (1.65-2.39), and Zr + Nb + Ce + Y (212-262 ppm) displaying affinities to I-type granite. Combined with their epsilon(Hf) (t) values of -2.31 to 4.44, with 1.0-1.4 Ga two stage model ages (T-DM2), they are considered to be the products of the reworking of the Mesoproterozoic lower crust; therefore, they are not related to the continental net growth in the EKOB. On the tectonic discrimination diagrams of granitoids, all the samples fall into the area of volcanic arc granite (VAG) and continental margin arc; this suggests that the Paleo-Tethys Ocean slab was still in the subduction stage during 252-240 Ma, and the continental collision had not yet started. Based on the plenty of magmatic rock dating results published previously, it appears there are two magmatic peak periods (260-240 Ma and 230-210 Ma) and one magmatic intermittence period (240-230 Ma) during the late Permian to Triassic of the EKOB, corresponding to three geodynamic evolution stages of subduction, post-collision extension, and syn-collision, respectively.

Automated summary

Granitoids are important evidence of the accretion and reworking process of the continental crust. By analyzing their geochemical characteristics, the early geodynamic mechanisms can be reconstructed. This study focused on the Permian-Triassic Granitoids in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt and determined their chronology and petrogenesis, shedding light on their source regions and the significance of their geodynamic and crustal growth.