Halide-Enhanced Spin-Orbit Coupling and the Phosphorescence Rate in Ir(III) Complexes

The spin-forbidden nature of phosphorescence in Ir(III) complexes is relaxed by the metal-induced effect of spin-orbit coupling (SOC). A further increase of the phosphorescence rate could potentially be achieved by introducing additional centers capable of further enhancing the SOC effect, such as metal-coordinated halides. Herein, we present a dinuclear Ir(III) complex Ir2I2 that contains two Ir(III)-iodide moieties. The complex shows intense phosphorescence with a quantum yield of FPL(300 K) = 90% and a submicrosecond decay time of only tau(300 K) = 0.34 mu s, as measured under ambient temperature for the degassed toluene solution. These values correspond to a top value T-1 -> S-0 phosphorescence rate of kr = 2.65 x 10(6) s(-1). Investigations at cryogenic temperatures allowed us to determine the zero-field splitting (ZFS) of the emitting state T1 ZFS(III-I) = 170 cm(-1) and unusually short individual decay times of T1 substates: t(I) = 6.4 mu s, tau(II) = 7.6 mu s, and t(III) = 0.05 mu s. This indicates a strong SOC of state T1 with singlet states. Theoretical investigations suggest that the SOC of state T1 with singlets is also contributed by halides. Strongly contributing to the higher occupied molecular orbitals of the complex (e.g., HOMO, HOMO - 1, and so forth), iodides work as important SOC centers that operate in tandem with metals. The examples of Ir2I2 and of earlier reported analogous complex Ir2Cl2 reveal that the metal-coordinated halides can enhance the SOC of state T-1 with singlets and, consequently, the phosphorescence rate. A comparative study of Ir2I2 and Ir2Cl2 shows that the share of halides in total contribution (halides plus metals) to the SOC of state T-1 with singlets increases strongly upon exchange of chlorides for iodides. The exchange also led to the decrease in values of ZFS of the T-1 state from ZFS(III-I) = 205 cm(-1) for Ir2Cl2 to T1 ZFS(III-I) = 170 cm(-1) for Ir2I2. This results in a more efficient thermal population of the fastest emitting T-1 substate III, thus further enhancing the roomtemperature phosphorescence rate.

Automated summary

The phosphorescence rate in Ir(III) complexes can be increased by enhancing the spin-orbit coupling effect through the introduction of metal-coordinated halides, such as in the example of the dinuclear Ir2I2 complex. The exchange of chlorides for iodides significantly contributes to the enhancement of the phosphorescence rate by increasing the contribution of halides to the spin-orbit coupling effect.