Polyoxometalate-Based Frameworks as Adsorbents for Drug of Abuse Extraction from Hair Samples

The linkage of molecular components into functional heterogeneous framework materials has revolutionized modern materials chemistry. Here, we use this principle to design polyoxometalate-based frameworks as high affinity adsorbents for drugs of abuse, leading to their application in solid-phase extraction analysis. The frameworks are assembled by the reaction of a Keggin-type polyanion, [SiW12O40](4-), with lanthanoids Dy(III), La(III), Nd(III), and Sm(III) and the multidentate linking ligand 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid (H(2)PDA). Their reaction leads to the formation of crystalline 1D coordination polymers. Because of the charge mismatch between the lanthanoids (+3) and the dodecasilicotungstate (-4), we observe incorporation of the PDA(2-) ligands into crystalline materials, leading to four polyoxometalate-based frameworks where Keggin-type heteropolyanions are linked by cationic {Ln(n)(PDA)(n)} groups (Ln = Dy (1), La (2), Nd (3), and Sm (4)). Structural analysis of the polyoxometalate-based frameworks suggested that they might be suitable for surface binding of common drugs of abuse via supramolecular interactions. To this end, they were used for the extraction and quantitative determination of four model drugs of abuse (amphetamine, methamphetamine, codeine, and morphine) by using micro-solid-phase extraction (D-mu SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The method showed wide linear ranges, low limits of detection (0.1-0.3 ng mL(-1)), high precision, and satisfactory spiked recoveries. Our results demonstrate that polyoxometalate-based frameworks are suitable sorbents in D-mu SPE for molecules containing amine functionalities. The modular design of these networks could in the future be used to expand and tune their substrate binding behavior.

Automated summary

The assembly of molecular components into functional heterogeneous framework materials has led to the design of polyoxometalate-based frameworks for the high affinity adsorption of drugs of abuse, enabling their use in solid-phase extraction analysis. These frameworks, formed through the reaction of Keggin-type polyanions with lanthanoids and multidentate linking ligands, show promising potential for surface binding of drugs via supramolecular interactions, demonstrating wide linear ranges and low limits of detection with satisfactory recoveries in the extraction and quantitative determination of model drugs of abuse.