Precipitation alters the CO2 effect on water-use efficiency of temperate forests

Increasing water-use efficiency (WUE), the ratio of carbon gain to water loss, is a key mechanism that enhances carbon uptake by terrestrial vegetation under rising atmospheric CO2 (c(a)). Existing theory and empirical evidence suggest a proportional WUE increase in response to rising c(a) as plants maintain a relatively constant ratio between the leaf intercellular (c(i)) and ambient (c(a)) partial CO2 pressure (c(i)/c(a)). This has been hypothesized as the main driver of the strengthening of the terrestrial carbon sink over the recent decades. However, proportionality may not characterize CO2 effects on WUE on longer time-scales and the role of climate in modulating these effects is uncertain. Here, we evaluate long-term WUE responses to c(a) and climate from 1901 to 2012 CE by reconstructing intrinsic WUE (iWUE, the ratio of photosynthesis to stomatal conductance) using carbon isotopes in tree rings across temperate forests in the northeastern USA. We show that iWUE increased steadily from 1901 to 1975 CE but remained constant thereafter despite continuously rising c(a). This finding is consistent with a passive physiological response to c(a) and coincides with a shift to significantly wetter conditions across the region. Tree physiology was driven by summer moisture at multi-decadal time-scales and did not maintain a constant c(i)/c(a) in response to rising c(a) indicating that a point was reached where rising CO2 had a diminishing effect on tree iWUE. Our results challenge the mechanism, magnitude, and persistence of CO2's effect on iWUE with significant implications for projections of terrestrial productivity under a changing climate.

Automated summary

The study reveals that, despite the continuous rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, tree physiological response in temperate forests of northeastern USA showed a steady increase in intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) from 1901 to 1975, but remained constant thereafter, indicating a passive physiological response to rising CO2 and a shift to wetter conditions in the region. The results challenge the mechanism, magnitude, and persistence of CO2's effect on iWUE, with important implications for projections of terrestrial productivity under a changing climate.