Trace Element Biogeochemistry in the High-Latitude North Atlantic Ocean: Seasonal Variations and Volcanic Inputs

We present dissolved and total dissolvable trace elements for spring and summer cruises in 2010 in the high-latitude North Atlantic. Surface and full depth data are provided for Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the Iceland and Irminger Basins, and consequences of biological uptake and inputs by the spring Eyjafjallajokull volcanic eruption are assessed. Ash from Eyjafjallajokull resulted in pronounced increases in Al, Mn, and Zn in surface waters in close proximity to Iceland during the eruption, while 3 months later during the summer cruise levels had returned to more typical values for the region. The apparent seasonal removal ratios of surface trace elements were consistent with biological export. Assessment of supply of trace elements to the surface mixed layer for the region, excluding volcanic inputs, indicated that deep winter mixing was the dominant source, with diffusive mixing being a minor source (between 13.5% [dissolved Cd, DCd] and -2.43% [DZn] of deep winter flux), and atmospheric inputs being an important source only for DA1 and DZn (DA1 up to 42% and DZn up to 4.2% of deep winter + diffusive fluxes) and typically less than 1% for the other elements. Elemental supply ratios to the surface mixed layer through convection were comparable to apparent removal ratios we calculated between spring and summer. Given that deep mixing dominated nutrient and trace element supply to surface waters, predicted increases in water column stratification in this region may reduce supply, with potential consequences for primary production and the biological carbon pump.

Automated summary

This study presents dissolved and total dissolvable trace elements data from spring and summer cruises in 2010 in the high-latitude North Atlantic, assessing the impacts of biological uptake and volcanic inputs on element concentrations. The results show that deep winter mixing is a dominant source of elements, with atmospheric inputs being important for certain elements. Deep mixing dominating nutrient and trace element supply to surface waters may have consequences for primary production and the biological carbon pump in this region, especially if water column stratification increases as predicted.