Andrographolide promotes skeletal muscle regeneration after acute injury through epigenetic modulation

Myopathy is a muscle disease in which muscle fibers do not function properly, and eventually cause severe diseases, such as muscular dystrophy. The properly regeneration of skeletal muscle plays a pivotal role to maintain the muscle function after muscle injury. The aim of this study is to determine whether andrographolide plays an effect role on regulating skeletal muscle regeneration. Mouse satellite cells, C2C12 cells and Cardiotoxin (CTX) intramuscular injection induced acute skeletal muscle injury model were used to evaluate whether andrographolide is essential for skeletal muscle regeneration. The underling mechanism detected using immunohistochemistry stain, western blot, real time PCR. Andrographolide promotes mouse skeletal muscle regeneration. In cardiotoxin induced skeletal muscle injury model, andrographolide treatment enhanced myotube generation and promoted myotube fusion. Androgra-pholide treatment dramatically increased expression of myotube differentiation related genes, including Desmin, MyoD, MyoG, Myomaker, Tnni2, Dmd, Myoz1 and Myoz3. For the mechanism studies, we observed that andrographolide treatment significantly promoted histone modification, such as H3K4Me2, H3K4Me3 and H3K36Me2, both in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with DZNep, a Lysine methyltransferase EZH2 inhibitor, significantly attenuated andrographolide-induced expression of Myf5, Myomaker, Skeletal muscle alpha-actin, MyoD and MyoG. Taken together, our data in this study demonstrate andrographolide epigenetically drives differentiation and fusion of myotube, eventually promotes skeletal muscle regeneration. This should be a therapeutic treatment for skeletal muscle regeneration after muscle damage.