期刊
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
卷 419, 期 1, 页码 54-63出版社
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.031
关键词
TTG2; TT12; TTG1; Seed; Testa; Flavonoids; Proanthocyanidins; Tannins
资金
- US National Science Foundation [0716049]
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute [52006985]
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems [1556348] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien
- Division Of Chemistry [0716049] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
The brown color of Arabidopsis seeds is caused by the deposition of proanthocyanidins (PAs or condensed tannins) in their inner testa layer. A transcription factor complex consisting of TT2, TT8 and TTG1 controls expression of PA biosynthetic genes, just as similar TTG1-dependent complexes have been shown to control flavonoid pigment pathway gene expression in general. However, PA synthesis is controlled by at least one other gene. TTG2 mutants lack the pigmentation found in wild-type seeds, but produce other flavonoid compounds, such as anthocyanins in the shoot, suggesting that TTG2 regulates genes in the PA biosynthetic branch of the flavonoid pathway. We analyzed the expression of PA biosynthetic genes within the developing seeds of ttg2-1 and wild-type plants for potential TTG2 regulatory targets. We found that expression of TT12, encoding a MATE type transporter, is dependent on TTG2 and that TTG2 can bind to the upstream regulatory region of TT12 suggesting that TTG2 directly regulates TT12. Ectopic expression of TT12 in ttg2-1 plants partially restores seed coat pigmentation. Moreover, we show that TTG2 regulation of 1712 is dependent on TTG1 and that TTG1 and TTG2 physically interact. The observation that TTG1 interacts with TTG2, a WRKY type transcription factor, proposes the existence of a novel TTG1-containing complex, and an addendum to the existing paradigm of flavonoid pathway regulation. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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