Legacy effects of loss of beavers in the continental United States

Through their modifications of channels and floodplains, beavers are a premier example of ecosystem engineers. Historical and stratigraphic records suggest that hundreds of millions of beavers once modified small to medium rivers throughout the northern hemisphere. Where beavers actively modify the channel and floodplain with dams, ponds, and canals, their activities increase habitat abundance and diversity, biodiversity, nutrient uptake, attenuation of downstream fluxes of water and sediment, and resilience of the river corridor to disturbances. Loss of beavers through commercial trapping and habitat modification occurred simultaneously with other human modifications of uplands and river corridors. The cumulative effects of these human modifications have been to greatly reduce the ecosystem services provided by rivers. Contemporary efforts to re-introduce beavers in North America and Eurasia and to mimic the effects of beaver engineering with beaver dam analogues and Stage 0 restoration represent a good start, but fundamental questions remain about the extent of such restoration efforts needed to create and maintain significant increases in riverine functions.

Automated summary

Beavers, as ecosystem engineers, have historically modified rivers in the northern hemisphere, but their populations have decreased due to commercial trapping and habitat modification by humans, leading to reduced ecosystem services provided by rivers. Efforts to reintroduce beavers and mimic their engineering effects show promise, but further research is needed to determine the extent of restoration efforts required for significant improvements in riverine functions.